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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mode normal</span></h1>
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<p>Pour un système <a href="Oscillateur" class="mw-disambig" title="Oscillateur">oscillatoire</a> à plusieurs <a href="Degr%C3%A9_de_libert%C3%A9_(physique_et_chimie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Degré de liberté (physique et chimie)">degrés de liberté</a>, un <b>mode normal</b> ou <b>mode propre</b> d'oscillation est une forme spatiale selon laquelle un système excitable (micro ou macroscopique) peut osciller après avoir été perturbé au voisinage de son <a href="%C3%89quilibre_statique_(m%C3%A9canique)" title="Équilibre statique (mécanique)">état d'équilibre</a><sup id="cite_ref-Meirovitch_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meirovitch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>R 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ; une fréquence naturelle de <a href="Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> est alors associée à cette forme. Tout objet physique, comme une <a href="Corde_(musique)" title="Corde (musique)">corde</a> vibrante, un pont, un bâtiment ou encore une <a href="Mol%C3%A9cule" title="Molécule">molécule</a> possède un certain nombre, parfois infini, de modes normaux de vibration qui dépendent de sa structure, de ses constituants ainsi que des <a href="Conditions_aux_limites" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditions aux limites">conditions aux limites</a> qui lui sont imposées. Le nombre de modes normaux est égal à celui des degrés de liberté du système.
</p><p>Le mouvement le plus général d'un système est une superposition de modes normaux. Le terme « normal » indique que chacun de ces modes peut vibrer indépendamment des autres, c'est-à-dire que l'excitation du système dans un mode donné ne provoquera pas l'excitation des autres modes<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En d'autres termes, la décomposition en modes normaux de vibration permet de considérer le système comme un ensemble d'<a href="Oscillateur_harmonique" title="Oscillateur harmonique">oscillateurs harmoniques</a> indépendants dans l'étude de son mouvement au voisinage de sa position d'équilibre.
</p><p>Si le système est soumis à une excitation externe, il peut entrer en <a href="R%C3%A9sonance" title="Résonance">résonance</a> avec chacune des <a href="Fr%C3%A9quence_propre" title="Fréquence propre">fréquences propres</a> associées aux différents modes normaux. Cette considération est cruciale en <a href="G%C3%A9nie_civil" title="Génie civil">génie civil</a>, par exemple, où il est important de déterminer ces fréquences propres afin de s'assurer que, dans les conditions normales d'utilisation, une structure ne sera pas soumise à des excitations dans leurs domaines fréquentiels. Faute de cette précaution, une résonance de la construction pourrait mener à sa dégradation voire à sa destruction.
</p><p>Au-delà de la théorie des oscillations mécaniques ou électriques, le concept de mode normal possède une importance fondamentale. Il a servi de <a href="Paradigme" title="Paradigme">paradigme</a> pour développer les concepts d'<a href="%C3%89tat_quantique" title="État quantique">état</a> propre en <a href="M%C3%A9canique_quantique" title="Mécanique quantique">mécanique quantique</a>, ou encore celui de <a href="Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> dans le cadre de la quantification du <a href="Champ_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Champ électromagnétique">champ électromagnétique</a>, laquelle peut être effectuée en décomposant le champ classique en « modes normaux » qui sont ensuite quantifiés<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>R 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mise_en_évidence_des_modes_normaux_:_oscillateurs_mécaniques_couplés"><span id="Mise_en_.C3.A9vidence_des_modes_normaux_:_oscillateurs_m.C3.A9caniques_coupl.C3.A9s"></span>Mise en évidence des modes normaux : oscillateurs mécaniques couplés</h2></div>
<p>La notion de mode normal peut être mise en évidence dans un cas concret, celui de deux <a href="Oscillateur_harmonique" title="Oscillateur harmonique">oscillateurs harmoniques</a> couplés, en considérant deux systèmes masse-ressort, de mêmes masses <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle m_{1}=m_{2}=m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle m_{1}=m_{2}=m}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdbf58a97843c6dd1f6ffb663fa65fba1d8f2535.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.427ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle m_{1}=m_{2}=m}" loading="lazy"></span>. Celles-ci sont reliées chacune à un support rigide par des ressorts de mêmes raideurs notée <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle k}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle k}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d5595fc0c47452f8fc2aa6e29c3611f047714b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>, et couplées par un autre ressort de raideur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle K}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/985dcc2532a2d4d91b9a9610139216c63cf832d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>. L'ensemble peut se déplacer horizontalement avec des frottements négligeables (<abbr class="abbr" title="confer (reportez-vous à/comparez avec)">cf.</abbr> figure ci-dessous).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspects_expérimentaux"><span id="Aspects_exp.C3.A9rimentaux"></span>Aspects expérimentaux</h3></div>
<p>Expérimentalement, il est possible d'observer les éléments suivants :
</p>
<ul><li>si les masses sont mises en mouvement de façon quelconque, elles oscillent chacune avec un mouvement compliqué qui n'est pas purement sinusoïdal<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ;</li>
<li>toutefois, si à l'instant initial les masses sont écartées par rapport à leur position d'équilibre de la même distance, et dans le même sens, puis relâchées sans vitesse, elles oscillent toutes deux de façon harmonique à la pulsation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}=\omega _{0}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{1}=\omega _{0}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/402dffc955983016070ed7d7d589fc1e42908273.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.397ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{1}=\omega _{0}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, égale à celle d'un <a href="Syst%C3%A8me_masse-ressort" title="Système masse-ressort">système masse-ressort</a> "isolé" ;</li>
<li>si en revanche, elles sont écartées initialement de la même distance, mais dans des sens opposés, puis relâchées là encore sans vitesse, les deux masses oscillent de façon harmonique à une pulsation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{2}>\omega _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{2}>\omega _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a2c365a3756174efc5214ef332c53e725d96c03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.099ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{2}>\omega _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, les mesures permettant de montrer la relation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{2}={\sqrt {\frac {k+2K}{m}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{2}={\sqrt {\frac {k+2K}{m}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a5e1cc85585c6887bac81b5c1c20776f3db2f66.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.038ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{2}={\sqrt {\frac {k+2K}{m}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Ainsi, l'expérience met en évidence dans ce cas simple deux types de mouvements harmoniques "purs", associés chacun à deux pulsations particulières, obtenus pour des conditions initiales précises: ceux-ci correspondent aux deux <i><b>modes normaux</b></i>, appelés aussi "modes propres", du système. Une analyse plus poussée des résultats expérimentaux permettrait de montrer que le mouvement obtenu pour des conditions initiales quelconques est une <b>superposition</b> des mouvements harmoniques correspondants aux deux modes normaux mis en évidence, affectées chacun d'amplitudes et de phases à l'origine différentes.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Équations_du_mouvement_et_mise_en_évidence_des_modes_normaux"><span id=".C3.89quations_du_mouvement_et_mise_en_.C3.A9vidence_des_modes_normaux"></span>Équations du mouvement et mise en évidence des modes normaux</h3></div>
<p>Les déplacements par rapport à la position d'équilibre statique où tous les ressorts sont détendus, sont notés <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edc245640b5794e3f754bee7b713761282b60c21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{2}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{2}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8821f9acaecc995a1b0bdfea31bb01605db7142c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{2}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Le système est donc à deux <a href="Degr%C3%A9_de_libert%C3%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="Degré de liberté">degrés de liberté</a>, et l'application de la <a href="Lois_du_mouvement_de_Newton" title="Lois du mouvement de Newton">relation fondamentale de la dynamique</a> à chacune des deux masses permet d'obtenir les équations du mouvement :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}_{1}=-kx_{1}+K(x_{2}-x_{1})\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}_{1}=-kx_{1}+K(x_{2}-x_{1})\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed907911040374c55b675a344cb968733e0bb2df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:27.637ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}_{1}=-kx_{1}+K(x_{2}-x_{1})\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}_{2}=-kx_{2}-K(x_{2}-x_{1})\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>k</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}_{2}=-kx_{2}-K(x_{2}-x_{1})\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/020f0480547e4cb13ddebe4970ecf1b757d116fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:27.637ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {x}}_{2}=-kx_{2}-K(x_{2}-x_{1})\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ces équations constituent un système d'équations différentielles linéaires (à coefficients constants) <b>couplées</b> : ceci traduit la dépendance du mouvement d'une des masses avec l'autre, causée par la présence du ressort de couplage central.
</p><p>Il est cependant aisé de découpler le système en considérant respectivement la somme et la différence membre à membre de ces deux équations, ce qui revient à introduire de nouvelles coordonnées dites <b>normales</b> :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}=x_{1}+x_{2}\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}=x_{1}+x_{2}\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1a14cccc8af67287d060d7f9ca6cb8e9c49cd8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:14.072ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}=x_{1}+x_{2}\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}=x_{2}-x_{1}\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}=x_{2}-x_{1}\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/483461138d19bdfc943c4a35e3115f29d1296243.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:14.072ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}=x_{2}-x_{1}\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>relations qui s'inversent aussitôt en :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1}-X_{2}\right)\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1}-X_{2}\right)\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/805d6216880e46ce960ba7540eb2091246684c47.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:18.862ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1}-X_{2}\right)\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1}+X_{2}\right)\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1}+X_{2}\right)\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54fe03a60eb9a5e2c4ea3d25d56e90fd4f9704b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:18.862ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1}+X_{2}\right)\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>En utilisant les variables normales <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ad47c14b8a092f182512e76c96638aea6e3bea1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> les équations du mouvement se réécrivent sous la forme d'un système d'équations différentielles <b>découplées</b>, décrivant l'évolution de deux oscillateurs harmoniques <b>indépendants</b> :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {X}}_{1}=-kX_{1}\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {X}}_{1}=-kX_{1}\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9798564e6ab99b82a4883ad974f3b56114afa5c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:14.558ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {X}}_{1}=-kX_{1}\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {X}}_{2}=-(k+2K)X_{2}\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {X}}_{2}=-(k+2K)X_{2}\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/117cde696f7b945c3d33e1cf231cb053bec801ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:22.436ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {X}}_{2}=-(k+2K)X_{2}\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>soit encore en introduisant les <b>pulsations propres</b> des deux modes normaux : <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{01}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{01}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f9acfa838ae9e6a26a5ab662f5411779e687626.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.621ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{01}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{02}={\sqrt {\frac {k+2K}{m}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>02</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{02}={\sqrt {\frac {k+2K}{m}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3df8d343de55d19e9babcc9f8d977f332675fc6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.86ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{02}={\sqrt {\frac {k+2K}{m}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {X}}_{1}+\omega _{01}^{2}X_{1}=0\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {X}}_{1}+\omega _{01}^{2}X_{1}=0\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59c8950ab9480588e3548d1537e1ec3e00c0914f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:16.823ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {X}}_{1}+\omega _{01}^{2}X_{1}=0\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {X}}_{2}+\omega _{02}^{2}X_{2}=0\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>02</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {X}}_{2}+\omega _{02}^{2}X_{2}=0\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d226e5b9bb06c20ff1434f4325be15e3a252fb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:16.823ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {X}}_{2}+\omega _{02}^{2}X_{2}=0\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>La résolution de ces équations est immédiate, et il vient aussitôt :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)=X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)=X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d404a79b0f31cd257a93183041b33feffbaa1251.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:28.671ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)=X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}(t)=X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>02</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}(t)=X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7fe19d7e664ee71d394ee098b818a2c096acd7de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:28.671ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}(t)=X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>où <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1m},X_{2m},\phi _{1},\phi _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1m},X_{2m},\phi _{1},\phi _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7cdec032edb724631327928af8e802ef0a2479f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.824ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1m},X_{2m},\phi _{1},\phi _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sont des constantes dépendant des conditions initiales imposées au système. Par suite, le mouvement le plus général est celui d'une superposition de deux oscillations harmoniques de pulsations <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0d6cb32e0d6b8f2fae3f1afcf3197763484e007.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.322ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{02}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>02</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{02}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d27f19df13f4b129652a722d7f4987271f68c7d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.322ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{02}}" loading="lazy"></span> correspondant à celles des modes normaux de vibration du système :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}(t)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}-X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\right)\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>02</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}(t)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}-X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\right)\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6486be2ff1800400b8e0dd4597579baf372198fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:54.669ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}(t)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}-X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\right)\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{2}(t)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}+X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\right)\,\!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>02</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{2}(t)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}+X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\right)\,\!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ea2aff5408241592c6ba2c108bd8895446bfac5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:54.669ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{2}(t)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(X_{1m}\cos {(\omega _{01}t+\phi _{1})}+X_{2m}\cos {(\omega _{02}t+\phi _{2})}\right)\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interprétation_physique_des_modes_normaux"><span id="Interpr.C3.A9tation_physique_des_modes_normaux"></span>Interprétation physique des modes normaux</h3></div>
<p>Il est important de souligner que si les conditions initiales sont telles que le système oscille dans un mode normal donné, i.e. si <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1m}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1m}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7324f6f5f5bde1c9121d022a50fad3793070e26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1m}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> ou <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2m}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2m}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5ec733dbe77c77cdd4cdef8bbcad4e5bbdbab41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2m}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, le système restera dans ce mode pendant la suite de l'évolution ultérieure. Ce résultat est bien entendu lié au fait que les équations du mouvement correspondant aux coordonnées normales correspondent à des oscillateurs harmoniques indépendants.
</p><p>Il est facile de vérifier qu'il est possible de faire osciller chacune des masses dans le premier mode normal <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acf1041388e662772be08489a7e7aa29529ab41c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.627ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, de pulsation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0d6cb32e0d6b8f2fae3f1afcf3197763484e007.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.322ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}" loading="lazy"></span> en déplaçant initialement chacune des masses de la même distance et dans le même sens, puis en les relâchant sans vitesse, ce qui correspond aux conditions initiales <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}(t=0)=x_{2}(t=0)=x_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}(t=0)=x_{2}(t=0)=x_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/accd95309102040ae96b1170975e6b2754760007.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}(t=0)=x_{2}(t=0)=x_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x_{1}}}(t=0)={\dot {x_{2}}}(t=0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x_{1}}}(t=0)={\dot {x_{2}}}(t=0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31c14ef3ed4757fd4d37c5d1f45df2d35cbb521a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.947ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x_{1}}}(t=0)={\dot {x_{2}}}(t=0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dans ce cas il vient <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1m}=2x_{0},X_{2m}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1m}=2x_{0},X_{2m}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67974a2b53732093efc27feccc8bdd7253af8e58.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.782ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1m}=2x_{0},X_{2m}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e22df5b882731f34215bccef2d5d031f5c318d2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, et le système oscille donc dans ce mode propre à la pulsation propre <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0d6cb32e0d6b8f2fae3f1afcf3197763484e007.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.322ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{01}}" loading="lazy"></span> qui correspond en fait à celle de chacun des systèmes masse-ressort découplés. Physiquement l'oscillation dans un tel mode correspond à un déplacement simultané, en phase, des deux masses, sans déformation du ressort de couplage: ceci est en réalité la conséquence du fait que <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acf1041388e662772be08489a7e7aa29529ab41c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.627ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> décrit le déplacement du <a href="Centre_d'inertie" title="Centre d'inertie">centre d'inertie</a> du système. Ce mode propre est souvent qualifié de <i><b>symétrique</b></i> en raison de ses caractéristiques.
</p><p>L'oscillation des masses selon le second mode normal est obtenue en écartant chacune des deux masses <b>dans des sens opposés</b> et de la même distance absolue, puis en les relâchant sans vitesse, soit pour des conditions initiales <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{2}(t=0)=-x_{1}(t=0)=x_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{2}(t=0)=-x_{1}(t=0)=x_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/145cdbd03b2ce2ec9108c545f6e619fb4340310f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.976ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{2}(t=0)=-x_{1}(t=0)=x_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x_{1}}}(t=0)={\dot {x_{2}}}(t=0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x_{1}}}(t=0)={\dot {x_{2}}}(t=0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31c14ef3ed4757fd4d37c5d1f45df2d35cbb521a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.947ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x_{1}}}(t=0)={\dot {x_{2}}}(t=0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dans ce cas il vient <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1m}=0,X_{2m}=2x_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1m}=0,X_{2m}=2x_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdf3a0c319ddf1ac15471a92287c779e2320aeda.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.782ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1m}=0,X_{2m}=2x_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e22df5b882731f34215bccef2d5d031f5c318d2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}=\phi _{2}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Les deux masses oscillent en <b>opposition de phase</b> à la pulsation propre <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{02}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>02</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{02}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d27f19df13f4b129652a722d7f4987271f68c7d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.322ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{02}}" loading="lazy"></span>, avec la même amplitude : par suite le centre d'inertie du système est fixe lorsqu'il y a <a href="Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillation</a> dans un tel mode, qualifié souvent d'<b>antisymétrique</b> en raison de ses propriétés.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Méthode_matricielle"><span id="M.C3.A9thode_matricielle"></span>Méthode matricielle</h3></div>
<p>La mise en évidence des modes normaux peut également se faire en utilisant une méthode <a href="Matrice_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Matrice (mathématiques)">matricielle</a>. Les équations du mouvement précédentes peuvent se mettre sous la forme :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {\vec {x}}}={\begin{bmatrix}-(k+K)&K\\K&-(k+K)\end{bmatrix}}{\vec {x}}\quad {\text{avec}}\quad {\vec {x}}={\begin{pmatrix}x_{1}(t)\\x_{2}(t)\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>K</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>K</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>avec</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\ddot {\vec {x}}}={\begin{bmatrix}-(k+K)&K\\K&-(k+K)\end{bmatrix}}{\vec {x}}\quad {\text{avec}}\quad {\vec {x}}={\begin{pmatrix}x_{1}(t)\\x_{2}(t)\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a965aee45c274fbd63035a2a303e6b0d17580d8a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:55.531ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\ddot {\vec {x}}}={\begin{bmatrix}-(k+K)&K\\K&-(k+K)\end{bmatrix}}{\vec {x}}\quad {\text{avec}}\quad {\vec {x}}={\begin{pmatrix}x_{1}(t)\\x_{2}(t)\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>Le principe est alors de rechercher des solutions harmoniques de pulsation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> à cette équation différentielle matricielle, en posant <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{\omega }={\vec {x_{m}}}e^{j\omega t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{\omega }={\vec {x_{m}}}e^{j\omega t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04eb5693ca0c3634459d115a682d919a0ae783f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.297ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{\omega }={\vec {x_{m}}}e^{j\omega t}}" loading="lazy"></span>, où <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x_{m}}}={\begin{pmatrix}X_{1m}\\X_{2m}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x_{m}}}={\begin{pmatrix}X_{1m}\\X_{2m}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8e3d9b4869a441ab0c1d725a5a5f215345435b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:14.697ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x_{m}}}={\begin{pmatrix}X_{1m}\\X_{2m}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span> est un vecteur constant contenant les amplitudes des oscillations, et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j^{2}=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j^{2}=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92313d249fbdd831b4bd88b5786e0e15589aaef5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:8.108ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j^{2}=-1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Il est évident que <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {\vec {x}}}_{\omega }=-\omega ^{2}{\vec {x}}_{\omega }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {\vec {x}}}_{\omega }=-\omega ^{2}{\vec {x}}_{\omega }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/378e9d342dbb42df74a368a943b6be9bd2573a97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.575ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {\vec {x}}}_{\omega }=-\omega ^{2}{\vec {x}}_{\omega }}" loading="lazy"></span> et l'équation matricielle se ramène alors à une équation aux valeurs propres :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [K]{\vec {x}}_{\omega }=-m\omega ^{2}{\vec {x}}_{\omega }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [K]{\vec {x}}_{\omega }=-m\omega ^{2}{\vec {x}}_{\omega }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/529e2865d73262e072d120dfbeaf1e39e1be5108.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.975ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [K]{\vec {x}}_{\omega }=-m\omega ^{2}{\vec {x}}_{\omega }}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>où
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [K]={\begin{bmatrix}-(k+K)&K\\K&-(k+K)\end{bmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>K</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>K</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [K]={\begin{bmatrix}-(k+K)&K\\K&-(k+K)\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5047c03f34269797912b6693430309785a4c79b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.457ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [K]={\begin{bmatrix}-(k+K)&K\\K&-(k+K)\end{bmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>est la "matrice des raideurs" dont <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{\omega }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{\omega }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b7782cd59656f1c4d497a0e8d68781ab3085fb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.584ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{\omega }}" loading="lazy"></span> est <a href="Vecteur_propre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vecteur propre">vecteur propre</a> correspondant à la <a href="Valeur_propre" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeur propre">valeur propre</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -m\omega ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -m\omega ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7aa76f9bb65e124f1ef616517aeb80967a7c674a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.349ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -m\omega ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Par suite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> sera solution de l'équation :
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {det} \left([K]+m\omega ^{2}[I]\right)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {det} \left([K]+m\omega ^{2}[I]\right)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1cf56ee92a3f61d70dc85db9a22bf0e0d595bd9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.213ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {det} \left([K]+m\omega ^{2}[I]\right)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>avec <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d6f73cb9dd5b51ebb83bdf3f0ea3935822b1b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {1}}}" loading="lazy"></span> matrice 2x2 unité. Les valeurs obtenues pour les pulsations des modes propres sont évidemment les mêmes que celles du paragraphe précédent. Les expressions des modes propres sont obtenues en considérant les vecteurs propres associés à chacune des valeurs propres.
</p><p>Cette méthode présente l'avantage de pouvoir être généralisée, au moins en théorie, à un nombre quelconque de degrés de libertés et à des situations plus générales, avec des masses ou raideurs différentes, ou encore d'autre type d'oscillateurs couplés, par exemple électrique. Elle peut cependant résulter en des calculs assez lourds, nécessitant le recours à des méthodes de <a href="Calcul_num%C3%A9rique" title="Calcul numérique">calcul numérique</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Généralisation_à_un_système_à_plusieurs_degrés_de_liberté"><span id="G.C3.A9n.C3.A9ralisation_.C3.A0_un_syst.C3.A8me_.C3.A0_plusieurs_degr.C3.A9s_de_libert.C3.A9"></span>Généralisation à un système à plusieurs degrés de liberté</h2></div>
<p>Les notions précédentes peuvent se généraliser aux oscillations libres au voisinage d'une <a href="Position_d'%C3%A9quilibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Position d'équilibre">position d'équilibre</a> stable d'un système comportant <i>N</i> degrés de libertés, correspondant aux <a href="Coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralis%C3%A9es" title="Coordonnées généralisées">coordonnées et vitesses généralisées</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notées <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q=\left(q_{1},q_{2},...,q_{N}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q=\left(q_{1},q_{2},...,q_{N}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39f6681d255b6c65b2ef5a204cf673eb01cd8a90.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.092ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q=\left(q_{1},q_{2},...,q_{N}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}=\left({\dot {q_{1}}},{\dot {q_{2}}},...,{\dot {q_{N}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}=\left({\dot {q_{1}}},{\dot {q_{2}}},...,{\dot {q_{N}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a88aa5fa10e7276b3f3507f39718f316825bbd6d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.4ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}=\left({\dot {q_{1}}},{\dot {q_{2}}},...,{\dot {q_{N}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>, considéré comme <i>conservatif</i>, c'est-à-dire où les termes de dissipation d'énergie sont négligés, et sans interaction avec un champ extérieur. Le formalisme de la <a href="M%C3%A9canique_analytique" title="Mécanique analytique">mécanique analytique</a>, en l'occurrence le <a href="M%C3%A9canique_lagrangienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mécanique lagrangienne">formalisme lagrangien</a>, est le plus adapté pour procéder à une telle généralisation.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expression_du_lagrangien_au_voisinage_d'une_position_d'équilibre_stable"><span id="Expression_du_lagrangien_au_voisinage_d.27une_position_d.27.C3.A9quilibre_stable"></span>Expression du lagrangien au voisinage d'une position d'équilibre stable</h3></div>
<p>De façon générale le <a href="Lagrangien" title="Lagrangien">lagrangien</a> d'un tel système est de la forme<sup id="cite_ref-Landau_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landau-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>R 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(q,{\dot {q}})=T(q,{\dot {q}})-U(q)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(q,{\dot {q}})=T(q,{\dot {q}})-U(q)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64f3ebf53ece6723cfb6909bf5b2a1e274101368.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.399ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(q,{\dot {q}})=T(q,{\dot {q}})-U(q)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>où <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T(q,{\dot {q}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T(q,{\dot {q}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/96bb6915e5dcc52c233d392b12d2abd30dcccc11.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.926ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T(q,{\dot {q}})}" loading="lazy"></span> correspond à l'<a href="%C3%89nergie_cin%C3%A9tique" title="Énergie cinétique">énergie cinétique</a> totale du système, qui s'écrit de façon générale :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T(q,{\dot {q}})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{a_{ij}(q){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T(q,{\dot {q}})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{a_{ij}(q){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/738ed902fd6e3a2d7be44ec87d8dadadfbe8e3b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:26.202ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T(q,{\dot {q}})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{a_{ij}(q){\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>les indices <i>i</i> et <i>j</i> allant de 1 à <i>N</i>, et les quantités <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebea6cd2813c330c798921a2894b358f7b643917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> étant telles que <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}=a_{ji}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}=a_{ji}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7cb3e899e03e50fec81e0f9b4977f59e27149618.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.512ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}=a_{ji}}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Si <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>20</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55643e066e8d07fac1e78d0d7be1dba148c898d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.58ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> correspond à une position d’équilibre <i><b>stable</b></i> du système, l'énergie potentielle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(q)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(q)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/598f5c2b7c967e72c002c6b0a2ff8d677174e74f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.661ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(q)}" loading="lazy"></span> est minimale pour celle-ci, et il est possible de façon générale de développer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(q)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(q)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/598f5c2b7c967e72c002c6b0a2ff8d677174e74f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.661ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(q)}" loading="lazy"></span> au voisinage de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d68d37de188ac61f0c0e3f31d5322d1c486f2f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>, ce qui donne :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(q)\approx U(q_{0})+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}\left(q_{i}-q_{i0}\right)\left(q_{j}-q_{j0}\right)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(q)\approx U(q_{0})+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}\left(q_{i}-q_{i0}\right)\left(q_{j}-q_{j0}\right)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9bc7abdbacc7c1078035e479ec72390d7f9e835.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:44.384ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(q)\approx U(q_{0})+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}\left(q_{i}-q_{i0}\right)\left(q_{j}-q_{j0}\right)}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>les coefficients <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9db60ff245b7d793444196f9f8f1c3f990180c7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> étant symétriques (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{ij}=k_{ji}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{ij}=k_{ji}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49e9e4d5e1344c76103dfe4395253e22c6eda73f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.475ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{ij}=k_{ji}}" loading="lazy"></span>), et tels que la <a href="Forme_quadratique" title="Forme quadratique">forme quadratique</a> soit <i>définie positive</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, en accord avec le fait que <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>20</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55643e066e8d07fac1e78d0d7be1dba148c898d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.58ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> correspond à un <i>minimum</i> de l'énergie potentielle<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il est alors utile de prendre <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>20</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55643e066e8d07fac1e78d0d7be1dba148c898d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.58ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{0}=\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> pour origines de l'énergie potentielle et des coordonnées, en posant <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}=q_{i}-q_{i0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}=q_{i}-q_{i0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/673fa15ef353603aa714d0bee08dafa4495b81c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.564ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}=q_{i}-q_{i0}}" loading="lazy"></span>, ce qui donne pour l'expression de l'énergie potentielle au voisinage de la position d'équilibre stable du système:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(x)\approx {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(x)\approx {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/288d5e18725fc7b5750cbe76174042393cc3bc92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:21.205ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(x)\approx {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Par ailleurs en posant <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}\approx q_{i0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}\approx q_{i0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3964ddb046d309b225312fffb7dd80e94fefb4bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.594ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}\approx q_{i0}}" loading="lazy"></span> dans les coefficients <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebea6cd2813c330c798921a2894b358f7b643917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> de l'expression de l'énergie cinétique, il vient l'expression approchée au même ordre de celle-ci :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T({\dot {x}})\approx {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{m_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T({\dot {x}})\approx {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{m_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0292ac929c6730648cbdd76abcef61ffbb9f7fbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:21.888ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T({\dot {x}})\approx {\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{m_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>où <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ij}=a_{ij}(q_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ij}=a_{ij}(q_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c269977dab634cf064bcf9c11b19ca89d1a99fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.224ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ij}=a_{ij}(q_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Il est important de noter que ces coefficients n'ont <i>pas</i> nécessairement les dimensions d'une masse, pas plus que les <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9db60ff245b7d793444196f9f8f1c3f990180c7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> n'ont celles d'une raideur en général. Toutefois il est facile de vérifier que dans tous les cas les quantités <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {k_{ij}}{m_{ij}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {k_{ij}}{m_{ij}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87563b6cbca91dde8815d618da690c223e7214b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:6.677ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {k_{ij}}{m_{ij}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ont les dimension d'une pulsation.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Équations_du_mouvement_-_Équation_caractéristique_des_modes_propres"><span id=".C3.89quations_du_mouvement_-_.C3.89quation_caract.C3.A9ristique_des_modes_propres"></span>Équations du mouvement - Équation caractéristique des modes propres</h3></div>
<p>Au voisinage d'une position d'équilibre stable le lagrangien d'un système conservatif à plusieurs degrés de liberté s'écrit alors :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(x,{\dot {x}})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{m_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(x,{\dot {x}})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{m_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eeb76dbb7d7513ddce9b270f21bbae463be254e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:40.223ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(x,{\dot {x}})={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{m_{ij}{\dot {x}}_{i}{\dot {x}}_{j}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{k_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>et en tenant compte de la symétrie des constantes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd6f1bb2d6548dca472922bcbcb77e7ad3a5b4df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.518ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9db60ff245b7d793444196f9f8f1c3f990180c7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> les <a href="%C3%89quations_de_Lagrange" title="Équations de Lagrange">équations du mouvement de Lagrange</a> correspondantes sont données par :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{j}{m_{ij}{\ddot {x}}_{j}}=-\sum _{j}{k_{ij}x_{j}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{j}{m_{ij}{\ddot {x}}_{j}}=-\sum _{j}{k_{ij}x_{j}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d292fb186104237e95bf5d484ce4395005b03df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:23.463ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{j}{m_{ij}{\ddot {x}}_{j}}=-\sum _{j}{k_{ij}x_{j}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=1,...,N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=1,...,N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3badf64e73cff33bd2c346727d32d72fa1f4e6ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.297ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=1,...,N}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Il s'agit donc d'un système d'équations différentielles linéaires couplées, à coefficients constants : il est possible de rechercher des solutions sinusoïdales à ce système, en posant (en notation complexe) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\underline {x}}_{j}(t)={\underline {A}}_{j}e^{i\omega t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\underline {x}}_{j}(t)={\underline {A}}_{j}e^{i\omega t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ae8f7f2d94c644c977456d80af502d68b34f33f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.955ex; margin-bottom: -0.383ex; width:14.143ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\underline {x}}_{j}(t)={\underline {A}}_{j}e^{i\omega t}}" loading="lazy"></span>, ce qui implique <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {\underline {x}}}_{j}(t)=-\omega ^{2}{\underline {x}}_{j}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<munder>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {\underline {x}}}_{j}(t)=-\omega ^{2}{\underline {x}}_{j}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3d5941f2796161c3a0a97d253a25a2be2f64fb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.955ex; margin-bottom: -0.383ex; width:17.188ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {\underline {x}}}_{j}(t)=-\omega ^{2}{\underline {x}}_{j}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, les amplitudes complexes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71e44be3a3fa34fcc6415dc554a2804c333c1bbd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.93ex; margin-bottom: -0.408ex; width:2.655ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> étant solution d'un <a href="Syst%C3%A8me_d'%C3%A9quations_lin%C3%A9aires" title="Système d'équations linéaires">système d'équations linéaires</a> de la forme :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{j}{\left(k_{ij}-\omega ^{2}m_{ij}\right){\underline {A}}_{j}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{j}{\left(k_{ij}-\omega ^{2}m_{ij}\right){\underline {A}}_{j}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46f0b079856240b4a977510f1478403a92f259e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:24.721ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{j}{\left(k_{ij}-\omega ^{2}m_{ij}\right){\underline {A}}_{j}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=1,...,N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=1,...,N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3badf64e73cff33bd2c346727d32d72fa1f4e6ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.297ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=1,...,N}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Un tel système n'a de solution non triviale (i.e. telle que <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdf782038e616187b6c04c319aa150db5797ef13.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.93ex; margin-bottom: -0.408ex; width:6.916ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>) que si les pulsations <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> sont solutions de l'<b>équation caractéristique</b> :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle det\left(k_{ij}-\omega ^{2}m_{ij}\right)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle det\left(k_{ij}-\omega ^{2}m_{ij}\right)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/353821b97011d9b68917f72f1d308d678bb544b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.463ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle det\left(k_{ij}-\omega ^{2}m_{ij}\right)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Les pulsations<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c0dc871d61e141c38b6984d044cd4d19f33b89f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.356ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> solution de cette équation sont celles des modes propres du système : en général ils sont au nombre de <i>N</i>, mais certaines pulsations peuvent être égales (dégénérescence de mode). Le système d'équations sur les amplitudes complexes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71e44be3a3fa34fcc6415dc554a2804c333c1bbd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.93ex; margin-bottom: -0.408ex; width:2.655ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\underline {A}}_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> peut alors être résolu et de façon générale <i>N</i> variables normales <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{j}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{j}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f54faa8cbb406da88421384407abd0713fd60992.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.483ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{j}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, combinaisons linéaires de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{j}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{j}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27aa814b79c9ef68a273b400b57c7021fa2ae07a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.888ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{j}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> peuvent être introduites, découplant le système d'équations différentielles. Physiquement, pour de petites oscillations au voisinage d'une position d'équilibre stable d'un système conservatif à <i>N</i> degrés de liberté, le problème se ramène à une collection de <i>N</i> oscillateurs harmoniques indépendants correspondants aux différentes pulsations propres <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c0dc871d61e141c38b6984d044cd4d19f33b89f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.356ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{j}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>
<div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references" data-mw-group="N">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Du moins, en l'absence d'<a href="Effets_non_lin%C3%A9aires" title="Effets non linéaires">effets non linéaires</a>, comme la présence d'<a href="Anharmonicit%C3%A9" title="Anharmonicité">anharmonicités</a>, qui peuvent conduire à « mixer » les modes entre eux.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cf. pour des exemples le lien suivant : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ressources.univ-lemans.fr/AccesLibre/UM/Pedago/physique/02/meca/couplage.html">oscillateurs masse-ressort couplés</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ces valeurs propres sont <i>réelles</i> puisque <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [K]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [K]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b6c25071903364b1b51e69ffa99ec95f6d122d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [K]}" loading="lazy"></span> est une <a href="Matrice_sym%C3%A9trique" title="Matrice symétrique">matrice symétrique</a> à éléments réels.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Il est important de noter que ces coordonnées ou vitesses généralisées n'ont pas nécessairement les dimensions d'une longueur ou d'une vitesse "ordinaire": elles peuvent par exemple correspondre à des angles ou des vitesses angulaires.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les dimensions de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}(q)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}(q)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aef412c35d57faf6a7074c2af7f9f20e395e10e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.586ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}(q)}" loading="lazy"></span> dépendent de celles des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa92ee5d3f74b0d1a40f53393bfec80758d3c2d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.177ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ainsi par exemple, pour le <a href="Pendule_double" title="Pendule double">pendule double</a> l'énergie cinétique est donnée par <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T\left(\theta ,{\dot {\theta }}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}(m_{1}+m_{2})l_{1}^{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}m_{2}l_{2}^{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{2}^{2}\\+m_{2}l_{1}l_{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{1}{\dot {\theta }}_{2}\cos(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T\left(\theta ,{\dot {\theta }}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}(m_{1}+m_{2})l_{1}^{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}m_{2}l_{2}^{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{2}^{2}\\+m_{2}l_{1}l_{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{1}{\dot {\theta }}_{2}\cos(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99827eb33a1aea8fdb5693659b460f65508c4f71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.504ex; margin-bottom: -0.334ex; width:41.216ex; height:8.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T\left(\theta ,{\dot {\theta }}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}(m_{1}+m_{2})l_{1}^{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}m_{2}l_{2}^{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{2}^{2}\\+m_{2}l_{1}l_{2}{\dot {\theta }}_{1}{\dot {\theta }}_{2}\cos(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2})\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,<br><br> ce qui correspond bien à la forme proposée, avec <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{11}=m_{1}l_{1}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{11}=m_{1}l_{1}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83068fcc05931d3af009aec9252ee49e202b3fdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.047ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{11}=m_{1}l_{1}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{22}=m_{2}l_{2}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{22}=m_{2}l_{2}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9de23c98ce673fc60d4a82f07b1728088d7312e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.047ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{22}=m_{2}l_{2}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{12}=a{21}={\tfrac {1}{2}}m_{2}l_{1}l_{2}\cos {\left(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2}\right)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{12}=a{21}={\tfrac {1}{2}}m_{2}l_{1}l_{2}\cos {\left(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2}\right)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcfc461a58ce2b93442516e891d68348627d4dc3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:33.93ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{12}=a{21}={\tfrac {1}{2}}m_{2}l_{1}l_{2}\cos {\left(\theta _{1}-\theta _{2}\right)}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dans ce cas les <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebea6cd2813c330c798921a2894b358f7b643917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> ont les dimensions de <a href="Moment_d'inertie" title="Moment d'inertie">moments d'inertie</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebea6cd2813c330c798921a2894b358f7b643917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> doivent être tels que la forme quadratique en <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i,j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i,j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/006bf61bd7f66e18cf4978973bf4caab89d18500.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.312ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i,j}}" loading="lazy"></span> soit <a href="Matrice_d%C3%A9finie_positive" title="Matrice définie positive">définie positive</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dont les dimensions dépendent de celles des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2752dcbff884354069fe332b8e51eb0a70a531b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.837ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">C'est-à-dire que l'on a <i>pas</i> nécessairement <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{ij}>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{ij}>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0e2fb8656385eb33b300d69411fe8a6186ac2a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.949ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{ij}>0}" loading="lazy"></span> dans tous les cas, mais que pour tout <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i},q_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i},q_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/956c70b518840588f6fd106dd608133d64e01925.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.817ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i},q_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> on a <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i,j}{(q_{i}-q_{i0})k_{ij}(q_{j}-q_{j0})}>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i,j}{(q_{i}-q_{i0})k_{ij}(q_{j}-q_{j0})}>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba00f8fe5cf6fe7550efa38284aa65992e5246a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:29.202ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i,j}{(q_{i}-q_{i0})k_{ij}(q_{j}-q_{j0})}>0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les grandeurs <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9db60ff245b7d793444196f9f8f1c3f990180c7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> correspondent aux différents termes de la <a href="Matrice_hessienne" title="Matrice hessienne">matrice hessienne</a> des dérivées partielles secondes de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>20</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2c0f04ad07cee158b01ce3d0c7afb6d082da3ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.56ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\left(q_{10},q_{20},...,q_{N0}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>, ainsi <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{ij}={\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{ij}={\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/607a4b75b9a7b3ce30ab86f23a98bee860d55cd9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:13.043ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{ij}={\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial q_{i}\partial q_{j}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, le caractère symétrique de ces coefficients suppose donc que l'ordre de dérivation partielle n'importe pas, ce qui nécessite juste de supposer que ces dérivées secondes sont continues (cf. <a href="Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_de_Schwarz" title="Théorème de Schwarz">théorème de Schwarz</a>), ce qui vérifié pour les potentiels physiques</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Il a déjà été remarqué que <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {k_{ij}}{m_{ij}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {k_{ij}}{m_{ij}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87563b6cbca91dde8815d618da690c223e7214b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:6.677ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {k_{ij}}{m_{ij}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> a toujours les dimensions d'une pulsation.</span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3></div>
<div class="references-small decimal" style=""><ol class="references" data-mw-group="R">
<li id="cite_note-Meirovitch-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Meirovitch_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Meirovitch, <i>Elements of vibration analysis</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> éd., Mac Graw Hill, 1986.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cohen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cohen-Tannoudji, Dupont-Roc, Grynberg, <i>Photons et atomes - Introduction à l'électrodynamique quantique</i>, EDP Sciences, 1987, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">978-2-86-883535-2</span>)</small>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Landau-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Landau_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cf. <span class="ouvrage" id="LandauLifchits"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lev_LandauEvgueni_Lifchits"><a href="Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> et <a href="Evgueni_Lifchits" title="Evgueni Lifchits">Evgueni Lifchits</a>, <cite class="italique">Physique théorique</cite> <small>[détail des éditions]</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physique+th%C3%A9orique&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft.au=Evgueni+Lifchits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMode+normal"></span></span></span>, chapitre V.</span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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